2.2.3语篇意义

　　一篇内容充实，结构合理，行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。借助于篇章技巧成文，在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择，作为一个意思连贯，结构完整的语篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。

　　 1. 运用词汇复现技巧：

　　复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现等。完形填空中，可以利用上下文的复现信息，确定正确的表达方式。

　　 2．运用词汇同现技巧

　　同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求与之相连的词汇。由于单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同，因此所适应的上下文也各有别。为

　　 3. 逻辑关系

　　一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语，是保证文章连贯和谐，保证文章逻辑的有效手段。在做完形填空时通过对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，然后选择正确的转承语。因此有必要掌握各种转承语的用法。

　　完形填空的目的不是阅读，而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复作者写作的原貌。从转承语上来说，要根据文章的语意发展和逻辑关系，确定适当的词语。

　　转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面上的东西，要求理解的是一句中主从句之间的语意联系，而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西，需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达方式。因此，在转承语的选择上，要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。

　　 4. 根据文章的类型结构解答完形填空

　　四六级完形填空多以说明文和议论文为主，说明文，议论文一般采用分类、比较对照、因果、例证等方式谋篇。正确把握文章的结构类型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任务是在正确理解短文的基础上再现作者的语言表达方式。为此，应注意加强文章谋篇布局的分析。

　　总之，要做好完形填空，必须对篇章充分理解，不应当只看到所填的词在短语或句子内是否可行，还要从上下文考虑，使所选答案既要符合语法，又要符合意义逻辑，还要做到词与词搭配得当。

　　 3 试题分析

　　Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter in the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

　　A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—all these were important 1 in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution.2 they were not enough. Something 3 was needed to start the industrial process. That “something special” was men— 4 individuals who could invent machines, find new 5 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who 6 the machines of the Industrial Revolution 7 from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were 8 inventors than scientists.

　　 A man who is a 9 scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 10 . He is not necessarily working 11 that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is 12 trying to make something that had a concrete 13 . He may try to solve a problem by using the theories 14 science or by experimenting though trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a 15 result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of 16 other objectives.

　　Most of the people who 17 the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors nor trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had 18 or no training in science night not have made their inventions 19 a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years 20 . 1. A) cases B) reasons

　　 C) factors D) situations

　 2. A) But B) And

　　 C) Besides D) Even

　 3. A) else B)near

　　 C)extra D) similar

　 4.A)generating B)effective

　　 C) motivating D) creative

　 5. A) origins B) sources

　　 C) bases D) discoveries

　 6.A) employed B) created

　　 C) operated D) controlled

　 7.A) came B) arrived

　　 C) stemmed D) appeared

　 8.A) less C)more

　　 B)better D)worse

　 9.A)genuine C)pure

　　 B)practical D)clever

　 10.A)happily C)reluctantly

　　 B)occasionally D)accurately

　 11.A)now C)all

　　 B)and D)so

　 12.A)seldom C)usually

　　 B)sometimes D)never

　 13.A)plan C)idea

　　 B)use D)means

　 14.A)of C) to

　　 B)with D)as

　 15.A)single C) specialized

　　 B)sole D)specific

　 16.A)few C)many

　　 B)those D)all

　 17.A)proposed C)supplied

　　 B)developed D)offered

　 18.A)little C)some

　　 B)much D)any

　 19.A)as C)because

　　 B)if D) while

　 20.A)ago C)ahead

　　 B)past D)before

　　这是1995年6月四级考试的真题。这是一篇200字左右的短文，学生们在看完文章后，应知道大概内容，即发明家和从事应用科学研究的人在早年英国工业革命中所起的作用。是人发明了机器。有关"机器发明"的概念贯穿整篇文章，第一段中的 "__4__ men who could invent machines" 第二段中的" the men who ___6___the machines of Industrial Revolution…" 和" many of them were ___8__ inventors than scientists" 最后一段的"Most of the people who __17__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors"。这些概念的重复在文章中起着纽带的作用，把整篇文章连接起来。考试若能读出这些，答案则自明。